تارﺎﻴﺧ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿا ،ﺢﻔﺼﺘﻟا ءﺎﻨﺛأ .١
.
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ
ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟا
.
تارﺎﻴﺧ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿاو ،ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﳌا ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻞﻘﺘﻧا .٢
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٨٥
ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﺎ ًﻀﻳأ ﻚﻨﻜﳝ .ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﳌا ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺎﺑ لﺎﺼﺗا ءاﺮﺟﻹ
ﻰﻟإ بﺎﻫذ
دﺪﺣ .٣
،ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﳌا ﺔﻈﻓﺎﳊا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻈﻔﺣ وأ ،ﺮﺧآ ﻒﺗﺎﻫ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳرإ وأ ،ﺎﻬﺤﺴﻣ وأ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا
.لﺎﺜﳌا ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ءﺎﺸﻧإ وأ
ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﻻ .ﺎﻴﻛﻮﻨﻟ ﻊﺒﺘﺗ ﻻ ﻊﻗاﻮﳌ ﺎًﻘﺒﺴﻣ ﺔﺒﻛﺮﳌا ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟا تﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻒﺗﺎﻬﻟا ﻲﻓ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺪﻗ
تﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻا تاذ ذﺎﺨﺗا ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴﻓ ،ﻊﻗاﻮﳌا هﺬﻫ ﻰﻟإ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا تﺮﺘﺧا اذإ .ﻊﻗاﻮﳌا هﺬﻫ ﺮﻘﺗ ﻻو ﺎﻴﻛﻮﻧ
.ىﻮﺘﶈا وأ نﺎﻣﻸﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺧآ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ يأ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻫﺬﺨﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا
א
ضﺮﻋ
دﺪﺣ ﻢﺛ
تارﺎﻴﺧ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿا ،ﺮﻴﺛﻷا ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺳر ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ مﻼﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻋ
ﺎﻬﻣﻼﺘﺳا ﰎ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﺾﻓﺮﻟو تﺎﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﺿﻹ
ﻆﻔﺣ
وأ ،ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ضﺮﻌﻟ
.
ءﺎﻬﻧإ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿا ،ﺮﻴﺛﻷا ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺳر ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﻓ
א א
ﺔﻣﺪﳋا دوﺰﻣ ﻦﻣ - ﺔﻬﺟﻮﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﺳر - ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻞﺋﺎﺳر مﻼﺘﺳا ﻒﺗﺎﻬﻟا نﺎﻜﻣﺈﺑ
.(ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ)